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Legal framework

Religious Assets Act 2010

The Federal Law of November 30, 2010 No. 327-FZ on the transfer to religious organizations of real estate for religious purposes owned by the State or municipalities was passed by the State Duma (...)

The Federal Law of November 30, 2010 No. 327-FZ on the transfer to religious organizations of real estate for religious purposes owned by the State or municipalities was passed by the State Duma on 19 November 2010, and approved by the Council of federation on 24 November 2010.

See:
 the full text of the law (in Russian)
 French translation of the law text (pdf document)
 See a full article by Mikhail Chakhov, "The New Russian Law for the Restitution of Church Property", p. 273-285 (in French).

D 4 January 2011    AMikhaïl Chakhov

Constitutional and legislative provisions

According to Article 14 of the Russian Constitution promulgated in 1993, "The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion may be established as a state or mandatory religion. Religious (...)

According to Article 14 of the Russian Constitution promulgated in 1993, "The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion may be established as a state or mandatory religion. Religious associations are separate from the state and are equal before the law".
Among the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution figure freedom of conscience, freedom of religion and right of association. The freedom of religious associations is thus protected by the Constitution.
The separation between state and religious associations is recalled in Article 4 of the Federal Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations (1997). It defines the legal content of the principle of separation between the state and religious associations and marks out the boundaries of their expertise and responsibilities.

D 2 October 2012    AMikhaïl Chakhov

Status of religious organisations

In Russian legislation, there is no definition of the terms "religion", "worship" or "church". The general term used is that of "religious association", the definition of which is given in (...)

In Russian legislation, there is no definition of the terms "religion", "worship" or "church". The general term used is that of "religious association", the definition of which is given in Article 6 of the 1997 law: "In the Russian Federation, the religious association is a voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation and other people who live permanently and legally on the territory of the Russian Federation, created for the purpose of collectively professing their faith and disseminating it, and possessing characteristics that correspond with that goal: confession of faith, practising mass and other religious rites and ceremonies, the teaching of religion and religious education for the faithful".
Russian legislation provides for the "recognition" of an association as a religious association according to the details listed above. In practice, if the authorities are to refuse to recognise an association as a religious one, this will happen while its application for registration as a legal entity is being examined. In addition, an association hiding its religious character and performing illegal activities can be recognised by a court as an unregistered religious association and, as such, be forced to dissolve.
Religious associations are subdivided into religious groups and religious organisations. Religious groups are not subject to the registration process by the state and are not legal entities. The creation and activity of religious groups is a direct implementation by citizens of the principle of freedom of conscience guaranteed by the constitution, without notification to the authorities and without authorisation. Members of religious groups can practise their religious rites in their apartments, acquire land as natural persons and construct places of worship on it.
Russian legislation does not require a contract of association or a founding assembly for the establishment of a religious group. This non-mandatory character did not allow for the dating of the foundation of the religious group until 2015, when the legislator requested that it be notified to the Ministry of Justice. From this notification onwards, the religious group is considered to be established. The question remains: if citizens meet regularly for the collective exercise of a religion but without notifying the authorities and without the intention of founding an association, should they then be considered as a "de facto religious group, without notification"? Section 3 of the 1997 Act, as amended in 2015, guarantees "the right to profess and practise individually or with others any religion... including by means of the foundation of religious associations". The meaning of the words "including" provides for the freedom to profess and practise religion collectively without necessarily founding a religious association. Thus, in recent case law related to the regulation of missionary activities, the courts have recognised as "religious groups without notice of establishment" groups of worshippers who have not taken and do not intend to take any formal action to found a religious group. Other courts, in similar circumstances, have found the absence of a formal religious group.
A religious organisation is a religious association that has been registered as a legal entity. The 1997 law contains three categories of religious organisations: local religious organisation, central religious organisation and religious institution.
The founders of the local religious organisation are natural persons - at least ten adult Russian citizens permanently resident in the same locality.
The central religious organisation has to include at least three local religious associations. Religious institutions are set up by the central religious organisations. Training institutions for ministers of religion, monasteries and governing or coordination bodies (for example, the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate) belong to this category.

D 21 February 2017    AMikhaïl Chakhov

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